攀冰難度分級(jí)
常用有兩種系統(tǒng)---NEI和Scottish Systems (WISystem)
最合理的分級(jí)系統(tǒng)是加拿大和法國(guó)的。這系統(tǒng)使用在加拿大和阿爾卑斯山,這兩區(qū)的冰攀活動(dòng)大概占全世界的四分之三,美國(guó)的攀登者像JeffLowe也使用這種分級(jí)系統(tǒng),它包含兩個(gè)數(shù)字,像是II-5。
第一個(gè)數(shù)字(羅馬數(shù)字)表示"嚴(yán)重性",它代表偏遠(yuǎn)度、攀登長(zhǎng)度、下降難度、危險(xiǎn)程度、路線持續(xù)性。"I"是在路旁只有一個(gè)繩距,然而"VI"須要豐富高山攀登經(jīng)驗(yàn),除非攀登速度快速的頂尖攀登者,否則難免要露宿。
第二個(gè)數(shù)字(阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字)表示"技術(shù)等級(jí)",代表路線中最難部份的技術(shù)難度,垂直狀態(tài)、確保難易、冰的種類、繩距的持續(xù)度也計(jì)算在內(nèi)。"2"代表只須用一支冰斧;據(jù)我所知,目前全世界只有一些垂直或幾近垂直的路線而且是沒有確保的,抑或巨大的懸壁是"7"級(jí)的路線。因?yàn)檫@很像WI美國(guó)系統(tǒng),這個(gè)技術(shù)分級(jí)也表示成"WI",所以WI系統(tǒng)基本上像是技術(shù)等級(jí)。
這種系統(tǒng)包含相當(dāng)多的訊息,因?yàn)橛脙煞N不同形態(tài)的難度分級(jí),然而這兩者又并非全然無(wú)關(guān),換句話說,技術(shù)上較容易的路線一般也不需花太多心力。(因?yàn)槟憧梢酝屡实牵?BR>
難度級(jí)別:
一級(jí):在路旁短距離的攀登,有安全的確保且容易下降。
二級(jí):一到兩個(gè)繩距,在交通容易到達(dá)的地方,有點(diǎn)小危險(xiǎn),下攀或垂降容易。
三級(jí):低海拔的地方,數(shù)個(gè)繩距,可能要花數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí);或是需走路或滑雪一段距離,要有好的寒地旅游技術(shù);或是偶而會(huì)有寒害;通常要用垂降下來(lái)。
四級(jí):高海拔多繩距或是在人煙罕至的地方,需要登山及寒地旅游技術(shù),可能遭受雪崩或落石,下降比較困難可能要利用人工固定點(diǎn)垂降。
五級(jí):高山山壁、距離長(zhǎng)的攀登,需要高超的能力和代價(jià),會(huì)遭受雪崩或惡劣的天氣,可能要很長(zhǎng)距離且難的下降。
六級(jí):高山山壁、多繩距,只有頂尖的攀登者可以一天完成,可能有寒冷高山攀登的運(yùn)補(bǔ)問題。
七級(jí):最大且最難的喜馬拉雅山脈高山式攀登(JeffLowe的定義)。
蘇格蘭冰攀分級(jí)系統(tǒng)也是與技術(shù)等級(jí)有關(guān)(1到7),對(duì)最難的繩距評(píng)估,包含遭受到的攀登種類,冰的厚度,冰的外貌像是吊燈、洋菇或凸出的懸壁。
級(jí)別難度:
一級(jí):只用冰爪就可以走上去。
二級(jí):?jiǎn)卫K距60至70度的冰,包含少量短的陡階,確保安全。
三級(jí):持續(xù)70至80度的冰,通常厚且硬,可能含有短距離的峭壁,但有好的休息點(diǎn),確保安全。
四級(jí):持續(xù)75至85度的冰,好的確保區(qū)零星分布,有少許顯著的垂直區(qū),通常冰質(zhì)很好,提供良好的保謢。
五級(jí):有很多85至90度冰壁艱苦的繩距,差不多是攀巖5.9所需要的技巧及能力。
六級(jí):非常陡峭,沒什么休息處的艱難繩距,常要懸吊著確保,冰質(zhì)不是頂好,安全性可疑,需要高技巧,差不多是攀巖5.10。
七級(jí):差不多是垂直的冰壁,非常薄,冰質(zhì)也不好,不曉得有沒有附在巖石上,保護(hù)不易或不能,大約是攀巖5.12的專業(yè)技術(shù)。
攀冰級(jí)別簡(jiǎn)介
攀冰的難度是由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的攀登者首次攀登后確定的,其參照物為不隨季節(jié)和時(shí)間變化的永久性的阿爾卑斯攀登路線。傳統(tǒng)的難度劃分采用蘇格蘭難度系統(tǒng),分為7個(gè)等級(jí):
1級(jí)難度:攀登路線較短,中等難度冰雪坡,坡度低于50度。
2級(jí)難度:攀登路線較長(zhǎng),冰雪坡度大于50度,部分地方有冰、雪或巖石坎。
3級(jí)難度:攀登路線較長(zhǎng),部分地方坡度接近90度。
4級(jí)難度:90度垂直冰壁攀登路線較長(zhǎng),攀登困難,部分地段也可有混合攀登。
5級(jí)難度:攀登路線很長(zhǎng),幾乎全是90度垂直冰壁,困難地方非常多,其中有很多混合攀登地形。
6級(jí)難度:攀登路線很長(zhǎng)并且大部分是阿爾卑斯永久冰壁和混合攀登,特別困難。
7級(jí)難度:喜馬拉雅等高海拔山區(qū)及無(wú)人涉足的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。攀登路線長(zhǎng),攀登難度和危險(xiǎn)非常大。
美國(guó)登山家杰夫·洛根據(jù)這7個(gè)等級(jí)又劃分出永久性冰壁和季節(jié)性冰壁。AI為永久性冰壁,WI為季節(jié)性冰壁。當(dāng)攀登者看到這兩種符號(hào)之一,就明白自己將要攀的是季節(jié)性冰壁還是永久性冰壁。
雖然攀冰有難度等級(jí),但季節(jié)不同、氣候不同其攀登難度也會(huì)有變化。
冰壁上的情況經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生一些變化,每個(gè)攀登者在攀登時(shí),要把攀冰難度再加一級(jí),這樣就能確保完成攀登。
最后奉告攀冰愛好者在準(zhǔn)備攀冰之前,要仔細(xì)收集自己將要去的冰壁資料。攀冰一定要做到膽大心細(xì)、戒驕戒躁。
冰雪巖混合部分 (M1 - M8)張忠恕、邱子寰編譯
They are a generalization of the established system for rating ice described above. There is no consensus. However in the method which seems somewhat dominant in Colorado (home of the most desperate mixed climbs, probably due to lack of ice :-)) and championed by Jeff Lowe, the letter "M" is added to the technical grade. A "M5" is supposed to be as hard as a "5" in pure ice (the equivalence is obviously hard to establish) but involves dry-tooling and similar maneuvers. Sometimes, the grade is detailed into the pure ice part and the mixed part, ie Octopussy is "M8 WI5" since there are extreme dry-tooling moves to reach the free hanging stalactite, but once established on it the ice is not that hard. However, usually the latter part will be omitted since it is not the crux, leaving only "M8". The global rating could read something like an algebraic formula: "II M8 WI5 X" (X in my opinion: I think all the free-hanging stuff can easily collapse, as some climbers have experienced in the early 90s. I would be cautious with the current fad for this sort of climbing).
這是歸納上面描述的系統(tǒng),并不是一致的,然而這種方法似乎主要只在科羅拉多洲(混合攀登對(duì)多的地方,可能是冰太少了)且受到Jeff Lowe的支持。字母"M"加在技術(shù)等級(jí)的前面,"M5"表示和純冰"5"相等(指難度),但包含干式攀登和類似的技巧。有時(shí)候分級(jí)會(huì)詳細(xì)的分出純冰部份及混合部分,Octopussy 是"M8 WI5",因?yàn)橛酶墒脚实桥郎蠎铱甄娙槭喈?dāng)難,但如果有冰就比較簡(jiǎn)單。然而,通常后面部份都省略,因?yàn)槟遣皇亲铍y的部份,所以只剩"M8",完整的分級(jí)讀起來(lái)像是代數(shù)公式"II M8 WI5 X"(X 可能是容易崩落,一些攀登者在九零年代初就曾經(jīng)歷過,對(duì)時(shí)下流行的這類攀登我會(huì)非常的小心。
Another way to rate the mixed climbs is to give a rock-climbing rating for the rock moves. This method is preferred by the Canadians, who seem to be somewhat doubtful about all the M9 climbs :-). The problem here is that you have ice climbing gear, so usually the rating is not "absolute" but relative to how it feels with crampons, and therefore easier than a normal rock rating, but again there is no real consensus on this. (from Quang-Tau Luong)
另一種檢定混合攀登等級(jí)的方法是評(píng)估攀巖部份,這種方式加拿大人較常使用,他們基本上對(duì)所有M9等級(jí)的路線都是存疑的:-),問題是你有冰攀工具,所以這分級(jí)不是"絕對(duì)的",與冰爪比較相關(guān),所以比一般攀巖簡(jiǎn)單,總而言之不能畫上等號(hào)。
冰雪巖混合其實(shí)主要是冰、巖混合,或是使用冰斧、冰爪攀巖的dry-tooling(干式攀登)。難度是以相對(duì)于純冰壁或是攀巖方式而定,可想而知這兩者之間是很難畫上等號(hào)的,所以只可相對(duì)比較。
附錄
Comments on the ice rating system (from Quang-Tau Luong)
對(duì)冰攀路線的批注
Although Albi Sole refers as grade 5 as the "5.9 of ice climbing", dont kid yourself. A grade 5 lead is a quite serious undertaking, more comparable in my opinion to a 5.10 trad lead. I am once of the only person that I know (:-)) who has been able to lead grade 6 ice while being only a 5.10- climber. You will see that grade 5 ice is actually rather difficult to find. For instance a guidebook like the one for Western Ontario or Western British Columbia has 140 pages, but lists only a handful of grade 5 climbs. There are no grade 6 at all in well established areas such as New England, Ontario, British Columbia (well, I must say was, until 1996, when The Theft was climbed in BC). This is because a grade 5 climb has to have about a half-pitch vertical, and a grade 6 a full pitch vertical, which brings me to the second point. Vertical is 90 degrees, not 85 degrees. This seemingly insignificant difference is actually quite important. When you are on 85 degrees ice you might have the feeling that it is overhanging, because of your position, but in fact there is not that many formations which are strictly vertical, except free-standing columns.
雖然 Albi Sole 的第五級(jí)相當(dāng)于"冰攀的5.9級(jí)",但是不要弄錯(cuò)了;第五級(jí)的先鋒是相當(dāng)艱難的任務(wù),以我的看法不下于傳統(tǒng)的5.10。我曾有一次是唯一一人攀巖能力只有5.10可以先鋒第六級(jí)冰攀。你可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第五級(jí)冰攀路線很難找到;倒如像Western Ontario or Western British Columbia的guidebook有140頁(yè),但只有一些五級(jí)的路線;在開發(fā)完全的地方如新英格蘭、安大略或不列顛哥倫比亞師妹有六級(jí)的路線。這是因?yàn)榈谖寮?jí)大概有一半的繩距是垂直的,第六級(jí)是整個(gè)繩距垂直,會(huì)讓我到第二個(gè)點(diǎn)。垂直是九十度而非八十五度,這似乎沒什么的差別實(shí)際上是非常重要的,因?yàn)槟愕淖藙?shì)的關(guān)系,當(dāng)你在八十五度的冰壁上,你可能會(huì)覺得是在懸?guī)r上,的除非是獨(dú)立的圓柱。
There are only a handful of grade 7 pure ice climbs in the world, to the best of my knowledge:
就我所知,全世界只有少數(shù)第七級(jí)純冰攀的路線,如下:
Riptide, and Gimme Shelter (Canadian Rockies) were the first established (mid 80s). Gimme Shelter is still unrepeated, because it has never reformed completly.
La Massue, and La Lyre, both at Fer de Cheval, (Northern Alps), both established the same day in Dec 1991.
Sea of Vapors (Canadian Rockies), winter 1993 (7+)
A part from those, there are a handful of one-pitch climbs which are mixed, and which have received a grade 7. T. Renault in France (Laventure, cest laventure next to Glacenost in Northern Alps, France) and J. Lowe in the US (Terriebel traverse, Seventh Tentacle, Octopussy 8??, in Vail CO) are the authors. While Thierry climbed "Laventure, cest laventure", the chunk of ice when he was standing collapsed, and he had to do a one-arm pull-up that he though he was not capable of. Jeffs climb are free-hanging stalactites which are reached through a dry traverse. Protected on the rock and with a preplaced screw from what I have heard. The second ascent party said that one climb was over-rated. The first grade 6 climbed in the world might have been Bridaveil Falls, Telluride, in the mid 70s. In the Alps, it was Les Viollins, although the first ascent, solo, by Chantriaux in 1982 is somewhat controversy.
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